When did you get my phone but don’t get your call?

He did not receive my call or he did not attend my call are two appropriate ways to say what you wanted to say, while He missed my call will mean he could not answer it for some reasons.

If He didn’t answer my call is not equal or he didn’t get my call.

That’s because the former one (didn’t answer) comes from the willingness or some situation where picking up your call was not possible such as the receiver was driving a car.

If you want to say that he didn’t answer your call, your sentence is perfectly fine. I call him and he doesn't answer my phone also. Reasons could be anything.

Probably the confusion is the verb get. Why look and get also means understanding? I did not get this information means you could not understand it but here, when it’s used for getting a call, would mean there was some problem and the call did not reach the recipient’s phone.

For the medium of electronic communication, get will to first spell arrival. Why did you receive your mail? No, I did not? which means we are asking about the arrival of the mail into the receiver’s mailbox. My wife didn’t able to understand what I’d said in my mail so I should have used get for understanding. How do you tell if the mailer does not get your mail?

What is an Internet marketing package? Though receive might be a proper word, we often ask while testing software, “did you get my SMS”

So, all-in-all, out of these two, he did not answer my call would be a better phrase than the other one.